![]() Making human beings human: Bioecological perspectives on human development. The right to be properly researched: Research with children in a messy, real world. (Original work published 1972).īeazley, H., Bessell, S., Ennew, J., & Waterson, R. ![]() Hilgard’s introduction to psychology (12th ed.). Central to this theory is how human inventions (cultural tools and artefacts) come to mediate people’s perception and thinking.Ītkinson, R. are built on the analogy of the information processor (the computer).Ĭultural-historical theory (Daniels et al., 2007 Luria, 1976 Vygotsky, 1987) (aka sociocultural theory) builds on the founding works of Lev Vygotsky and Alexandr Luria, and subsequent development, with a focus on human development as a process informed by biology, culture, and society. The European, which I allude to here, fundamentally builds on the major contributions of Jean Piaget (e.g., 1970) and has an interest in the development of cognition (while the American is the so-called information-processing tradition, in which models of human thinking, memory (e.g., Atkinson et al., 1996), etc. In order for us to discern something as blue, there also has to be non-blue.Ĭognitive psychology actually exists in two major traditions, the European and the American. ![]() To give a classic example, if everything that exists were blue, people would not be able to discern blue (as blue only exists in contrast to other colors) nor would they have a concept of color (as this category presumes more than one color). Variation theory (Marton, 2015 Marton & Tsui, 2004) builds on the premises that (a) meaning springs from difference, not similarity (b) learning can be conceptualized as increased differentiation and reintegration and (c) in order to facilitate learners’ discernment of something, it has to vary (while other things are kept invariant).
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